Summary of introduced bills from 14 states having total or partial alignment with AEI Housing Center Playbook Options 1-3. Total projected extra homes per year: 251,000 (assuming KISS followed and no poison pills).
Right most column shows the bill’s percentage Playbook alignment with one or more options: Complete: ≥100%, Substantial: 51%-99%, Moderate: 15-50%, and Weak: <15%. ✓ = bill passed.
States with Housing Legislation
Ranked by annual supply increase. Click a state for details.
A local act authorizing the governing body of Class 1 municipalities to enact and enforce a vacant property registration ordinance. Creates a citywide database of vacant residential and commercial buildings, requiring owners of vacant properties to register. It is a blight-abatement and code-compliance measure aimed at monitoring and reducing vacancy.
Authorizes Class 1 municipalities to create one or more nonprofit community land trusts by ordinance to provide affordable housing for low- and moderate-income families.
Expands the powers of industrial development boards, authorizing them to issue and sell bonds and to finance, construct, acquire, lease, operate, and dispose of "development projects" — a broad category that can include residential uses such as homes, apartments, townhouses, condominiums, and hotels — for the public purpose of promoting trade, commerce, industry, and employment.
Amends Alabama law to authorize the Alabama Department of Revenue to issue certificates of title to current owners of manufactured homes designated model year 1999 and earlier (homes previously barred from titling) when requested by the owner.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
California
96K* potential new homes/year+105% annual supply increase
5
bills
Expands California's ADU framework by requiring local governments to ministerially approve up to two detached ADUs on a lot with a proposed or existing single-family dwelling. Allows these units to be combined with a junior ADU within the primary dwelling, enabling up to three accessory dwelling units on some single-family parcels.
Methodology
Assumes ADUs are built on land up to a 100% land share.
Requires local governments to disclose all required onsite and offsite infrastructure improvements and their estimated costs within 30 days of receiving a housing development application. Prohibits agencies from requiring improvements during the post-entitlement permit stage if those requirements were not previously disclosed.
Localities must "ministerially consider" lot splits that will result in 10 or fewer parcels. Lots eligible for subdivision must be one of the following: (1) Zoned to allow multifamily residential dwelling use and less than 5 acres large, or (2) Vacant and zoned for single-family residential development and less than one and a half acres large. Lots must be located within an incorporated city whose boundaries include some portion of an urbanized area, or within an urbanized area or urban cluster in a county with a population greater than 600,000 based on the most recent U.S. Census Bureau data.
Gutted and amended. The bill is now titled "relating to windows" and operates on Civil Code section 4754 and Government Code section 65850.73. The transit-oriented development intent language that placed this bill on the tracker is gone.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Requires subject jurisdictions (local governments with populations greater than 2,000) to allow multifamily housing to be constructed on a qualifying property that does not contain an exempt parcel. A "qualifying property" must be 5 acres or less and owned by: an affordable housing nonprofit, a public transit nonprofit, a school district, a state college or university, a housing authority, or a local/regional transit district.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
A permitting-acceleration and transportation-impact-fee reform. Requires that, when a county sets a residential density requirement in a growth area, the ordinance must allow a minimum density of at least 4 dwelling units per acre and must permit multifamily housing types ("townhomes, apartments, and stacked flats").
Requires every Delaware local jurisdiction over 2,000 population to adopt a state-reviewed affordable housing plan as part of its comprehensive plan, setting a strategic goal that 20% of housing units be affordable. The plan must include a defined set of zoning-reform elements, including increases in permitted residential density, authorization of a mix of housing types (duplexes, triplexes, ADUs, multifamily, manufactured and cottage housing) without conditional-use permits, and by-right administrative review of conforming residential applications. For local jurisdictions with a population greater than 10,000, the affordable housing plan must create transit-oriented development zoning designations. The bill does not specify exact zoning reform elements that jurisdictions must enact in their plans.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Tweaks Live Local by excluding farms from being "industrial" or "commercial" uses for Live Local purposes and allows local government and school board land to be used for Live Local projects.
Limits local governments' application fees for development permits and orders. Requires local governments to set objective compatibility criteria for residential use.
For 1.5 years, allows property owners to convert agricultural lots to single-family residential lots if surrounded by residential lots. Speeds up the application process for landowners to get an "agricultural enclave" designation, opening the door for development at the same density as adjacent parcels. Provisions expire January 1, 2028, unless extended by the Legislature. Applies only in counties with populations of 1.75 million or less.
For 1.5 years, allows property owners to convert agricultural lots to single-family residential lots if surrounded by residential lots. Speeds up the application process for landowners to get an "agricultural enclave" designation, opening the door for development at the same density as adjacent parcels. Provisions expire January 1, 2028, unless extended by the Legislature. Applies only in counties with populations of 1.75 million or less.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
A permitting- and inspection-streamlining bill. Requires local governing authorities to accept private professional providers' approved building/plumbing/electrical inspection reports — deemed approved "as a matter of law" unless the authority identifies specific deficiencies in writing within two business days — and bars deficiencies from delaying approved work.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Idaho
5K* potential new homes/year+45% annual supply increase
4
bills
Cities cannot require minimum lot sizes exceeding 1,500 sq.ft. for single-family detached dwellings in starter home subdivisions. Applies to cities with a population greater than 10,000.
Methodology
Only applies to new residential subdivisions that are 4 acres or larger in size. 76% of new subdivisions built since 2000 in Idaho are at least 4 acres in size. At a minimum lot size of 1,500 sq.ft., approximately 13 homes per acre on average are assumed. Data is limited to cities with a population of at least 10,000.
Establishes a statewide framework requiring cities with populations above 5,000 to allow accessory dwelling units in residential zones. The bill mandates that cities permit both internal and detached ADUs, prohibits parking requirements and owner-occupancy mandates, and limits local restrictions on ADU size, setbacks, height, and fees. ADUs must be approved administratively and cannot be subject to discretionary review. The legislation also prevents homeowners' associations from banning ADUs.
Methodology
Data is limited to cities with a population of at least 5,000. City population totals use the higher of the 2023 ACS 1-Year or 5-Year survey population estimates. Assumes ADUs are built on land up to a 100% land share.
Legalizes manufactured housing in single-family zoned areas.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Illinois
41K* potential new homes/year+163% annual supply increase
3
bills
Legalizes middle housing statewide in any residential zone that permits single-family homes. The bill caps minimum lot sizes at 2,500 sq.ft. and requires cities to allow 4–8 units on typical residential lots depending on size, with approvals processed ministerially.
Methodology
At a minimum lot size of 2,500 sq.ft., approximately 11.5 homes per acre on average are assumed. Lots eligible for conversion must be between 2,501 and 5,000 sq.ft. to be split into four lots, 5,001 and 7,500 sq.ft. to be split into six lots, and > 7,500 sq.ft. to be split into 8 lots.
Municipalities may not prohibit the building of accessory dwelling units. This is a statewide mandate with no population threshold, geographic limitations, or opt-out provisions.
Methodology
Assumes ADUs are built on land up to a 100% land share.
Allows for by-right developments of multifamily and mixed-use projects up to four stories on land owned by churches and other faith-based organizations.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
*Original bill background:* HB 1001, the Speaker's bill, was a substantial piece of pro-housing legislation. Among many items, the legislation would have capped minimum lot sizes, allowed up to three townhomes on most lots, legalized ADUs by right, capped parking mandates at 1 space per unit, legalized residential housing in commercial zones by right, and enacted building code reforms. Original projected impact: 24,600 homes/year. *What survived in the enrolled act:* Fee reform, building permit shot clock enforcement, building code cost reductions, and annual housing reporting requirements. A procedural requirement for localities to hold a public hearing by January 1, 2027, to review their unified development ordinance with the goal of increasing housing development was added. *What was removed:* All binding zoning provisions aligned with Playbook Options #1–3, including lot size caps, duplexes/ADUs permitted by-right, and residential in commercial zones.
Methodology
For Option #1, data is limited to tracts that are 5 acres or larger. We assume that a minimum lot size of 1,400 sq.ft. will largely apply in new subdivisions. For Option #2, a minimum lot size of 1,500 sq.ft. for duplexes is assumed. HB 1001 allows counties to opt out of certain provisions. The actual impact may be lower than projected. Updated projected impact after amendments: 0 homes/year from Playbook alignment.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
A property tax reform bill that caps annual property tax revenue growth for cities and counties at 2%, expands the homestead exemption, phases out homestead/business replacement credits, and establishes a first-time homebuyer program.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Kansas
5K* potential new homes/year+50% annual supply increase
1
bills
The enrolled version of the bill mandates that all cities and counties allow a minimum lot size of 3,000 sq.ft. for new single-family residences that are less than 2,500 sq.ft. of total livable floor area. Streamlines the approval process for by-right housing developments, which include single-family homes, townhouses, and ADUs. Note: The original bill applied to homes under 3,000 sq.ft. floor area; the enrolled version lowered this threshold to 2,500 sq.ft. Original projected impact was 5,100 homes/year; the enrolled version yields 4,900 homes/year.
Methodology
For Option #1, data excludes homes with living area ≥ 3,000 sq.ft. and lot sizes > the 90th percentile (~15,700 sq.ft.). For Option #2, data excludes homes with living area ≥ 3,000 sq.ft. At a minimum lot size of 3,000 sq.ft., approximately 11 homes per acre on average are assumed.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Regulates the wholesaling of residential real property (one-to-four-unit dwellings). It defines "wholesaler" and "wholesaling", requires wholesalers to give sellers written disclosures before signing, grants sellers a five-day right to cancel and a mandatory cancellation-notice form, restricts wholesaler conduct, and more.
Recodifies and modernizes the state's regulatory framework for factory-built (manufactured and modular) housing. Expands the Residential Contractors Subcommittee from five to nine members and enacts a "Uniform Standards Code for Manufactured and Factory-Built Housing".
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Maine
1K* potential new homes/year+24% annual supply increase
4
bills
LD 2173 is the third bill amending Maine's statewide zoning reforms (following LD 2003 in 2022 and LD 1829 in 2025). It clarifies provisions in the previous bills in response to input from municipalities, specifically raising the original lot size minimum outside of growth areas from 5,000 sq.ft. to 10,000 sq.ft. - Within designated growth areas served by water and sewer, municipalities may not require minimum lot sizes greater than 5,000 sq.ft. or density limits stricter than 1,250 sq.ft. of lot area per unit for the first four units. - Outside growth areas but with water/sewer, municipalities may not require more than 5,000 sq.ft. per dwelling unit for the first unit or 10,000 sq.ft. for two units in a structure. - Up to four units per lot are permitted in designated growth areas or where water/sewer exists. Up to three units per lot are permitted statewide where residential uses are allowed. - At least one accessory dwelling unit must be allowed on any lot where the principal structure is a single-family dwelling or 2–3-unit structure.
Methodology
Growth area designations are made at the municipal level through each town's comprehensive plan; as a proxy for growth areas, Census urban land designations are used. As a proxy for public water and sewer access, tract size and density are used. Tracts with 95%+ of all homes on a half-acre or greater and average density ≤ 1.5 homes/acre are excluded. At minimum lot sizes of 5,000 sq.ft. and 1,250 sq.ft., approximately 10 and 13.5 homes per acre on average are assumed.
Modifies Maine's Site Location of Development Law to treat detached residential housing accommodating up to four families — including accessory dwelling units — similarly to single-family homes for purposes of environmental review thresholds. Raises the subdivision threshold requiring state review from 5 lots to 15 lots for certain residential developments and increases the acreage threshold from 20 to 30 acres.
Directs the Department of Economic and Community Development's Housing Opportunity Program to convene a working group to identify regulatory barriers to housing construction and propose legislative solutions.
Directs the Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry to convene a stakeholder group to review and recommend modernization of the state's subdivision laws.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Maryland
3K* potential new homes/year+15% annual supply increase
5
bills
Allows mixed-use development on land designated for commercial use that is within ½ mile of a rail transit station that receives at least hourly service on average from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM, Monday through Friday.
Methodology
About 40% of properties in Maryland's commercial zones are within ½ mile of major public transit. This projection is 40% of the Maryland state Playbook Option #3 total (7,300 × 0.4 = 2,920).
*Original bill:* Counties must allow multifamily developments or mixed-use developments as a permitted use on any parcel that is served by water and sewer (public or private) and zoned for recreational or commercial use. Limited to counties with a population of at least 150,000. *As amended and passed:* The bill was narrowed to require the Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development to study the residential-in-commercial-zone laws and report back by December 1, 2026. All provisions from the original bill that aligned with the Playbook were removed. Projected impact reduced from 7,100 to zero extra homes per year.
Methodology
Limits to counties with a population of 150,000 or greater. County population totals use the higher of the 2023 ACS 1-Year or 5-Year survey population estimates.
*Original bill:* Counties must allow multifamily developments or mixed-use developments as a permitted use on any parcel that is served by water and sewer (public or private) and zoned for recreational or commercial use. Limited to counties with a population of at least 150,000. *As amended and passed:* The bill was narrowed to require the Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development to study the residential-in-commercial-zone laws and report back by December 1, 2026. All provisions from the original bill that aligned with the Playbook were removed. Projected impact reduced from 7,100 to zero extra homes per year.
Methodology
Limits to counties with a population of 150,000 or greater. County population totals use the higher of the 2023 ACS 1-Year or 5-Year survey population estimates.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Massachusetts
2K* potential new homes/year+9% annual supply increase
1
bills
Massachusetts voters will decide on November 3, 2026 whether to bar municipalities from prohibiting, unreasonably restricting, or requiring a special permit for single-family homes on lots of at least 5,000 square feet with at least 50 feet of frontage, in any zoning district that allows residential uses and where the lot has access to both public water and public sewer. Municipalities would keep control of setbacks, building bulk and height, and short-term rentals. Question 7 reached the ballot by citizen initiative petition after 89,216 signatures were certified in January 2026. It does not authorize accessory dwelling units, multifamily housing, or lot splits, and it does not create residential development rights in commercial zones.
Methodology
Option #1 only. Ballot Question 7 caps minimum lot size at 5,000 sq.ft. (and frontage at 50 ft) for single-family homes by right, limited to lots with access to both public water and public sewer. Modeled at 10 units/acre on subdivision-eligible parcels inside MassDEP public water AND sewer service areas (the conjunctive utility test in the petition). Retained municipal setback/bulk/height controls and the untouched Subdivision Control Law are not discounted, consistent with other Option #1 estimates.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Michigan
16K* potential new homes/year+73% annual supply increase
9
bills
Caps minimum lot sizes for detached single-family homes at 1,500 sq.ft. in areas served by public water and sewer statewide.
Methodology
For Option #1, data is limited to properties with public water and sewer access. As a proxy for public water and sewer, tract size and density are used. At a minimum lot size of 1,500 sq.ft., approximately 13 homes per acre on average are assumed.
Caps minimum lot sizes for detached single-family homes at 1,500 sq.ft. in areas served by public water and sewer statewide.
Methodology
For Option #1, data is limited to properties with public water and sewer access. As a proxy for public water and sewer, tract size and density are used. At a minimum lot size of 1,500 sq.ft., approximately 13 homes per acre on average are assumed.
Requires local governments to permit duplexes in any zoning district where single-family homes are allowed.
Methodology
This bill permits duplexes by-right. Thus, for lot splits, we assume up to two are allowed. For more, see Michigan state on the AEI Housing Center Light Touch Density Price Chart: <https://heat.aeihousingcenter.org/toolkit/ltd_chart>.
Reforms local site plan review procedures by requiring local governments to approve, reject, or conditionally approve site plans within 60 days after receipt.
Establishes statewide limits on residential setback requirements in jurisdictions located within or adjacent to a metropolitan statistical area. Caps front setbacks at 15 feet and side and rear setbacks at 5 feet.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
An omnibus housing finance and tenant-protection bill. Authorizes the Housing Finance Agency to issue up to an additional $50 million in housing infrastructure bonds with corresponding general-fund debt-service appropriations through 2049, modifies the Minnesota housing tax-credit eligible-recipient and disqualification rules, raises the tax-exempt "aggregate bond limitation" for residential rental projects, creates capacity-building grants, and broadens HFA fund-transfer, reporting, and electronic-meeting authority. It adds extensive manufactured-home-park protections and prohibits private-equity companies that own 100+ single-family homes from holding such homes, enforced by the attorney general with a $100,000-per-violation penalty.
A common-interest-community (condo/HOA/cooperative) governance law that modifies association powers and duties, caps interest on delinquent assessments (8%) and late fees (greater of $20 or 5%), limits fines and restricts attorney-fee recovery, expands unit-owner notice/comment, open-meeting, and document-availability rights, sets director term limits, modifies foreclosure and payment-application rules. Prohibits local governments from conditioning residential development approvals on, or otherwise requiring, the creation of a homeowner's association.
A one-time appropriations bill to provide $10,000,000 for the state supportive-housing program, of which $9,000,000 is earmarked for grants to federal HUD Continuum of Care grantees whose FY2024 contracts expired or will expire before December 31, 2026 and who face funding gaps. It waives competitive-application and procurement requirements to allow noncompetitive awards, permits funds as supplemental emergency support for permanent supportive housing, rapid rehousing, transitional housing, and system activities, and requires grantees to report every 90 days.
A common-interest-community (condo/HOA/cooperative) governance law that modifies association powers and duties, caps interest on delinquent assessments (8%) and late fees (greater of $20 or 5%), limits fines and restricts attorney-fee recovery, expands unit-owner notice/comment, open-meeting, and document-availability rights, sets director term limits, modifies foreclosure and payment-application rules. Prohibits local governments from conditioning residential development approvals on, or otherwise requiring, the creation of a homeowner's association.
An omnibus housing finance and tenant-protection bill. Authorizes the Housing Finance Agency to issue up to an additional $50 million in housing infrastructure bonds with corresponding general-fund debt-service appropriations through 2049, modifies the Minnesota housing tax-credit eligible-recipient and disqualification rules, raises the tax-exempt "aggregate bond limitation" for residential rental projects, creates capacity-building grants, and broadens HFA fund-transfer, reporting, and electronic-meeting authority. It adds extensive manufactured-home-park protections and prohibits private-equity companies that own 100+ single-family homes from holding such homes, enforced by the attorney general with a $100,000-per-violation penalty.
A one-time appropriations bill to provide $10,000,000 for the state supportive-housing program, of which $9,000,000 is earmarked for grants to federal HUD Continuum of Care grantees whose FY2024 contracts expired or will expire before December 31, 2026 and who face funding gaps. It waives competitive-application and procurement requirements to allow noncompetitive awards, permits funds as supplemental emergency support for permanent supportive housing, rapid rehousing, transitional housing, and system activities, and requires grantees to report every 90 days.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Enacts permitting reform by allowing virtual inspections for certain permits.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
New Jersey
8K* potential new homes/year+38% annual supply increase
6
bills
Establishes a statewide framework legalizing ADUs on lots with single- or two-family homes. Applicable only to municipalities with a population density of less than 9,000 people per square mile, as determined by the most recent federal decennial census. Municipalities with greater than or equal to 9,000 people per square mile may elect to adopt an ordinance permitting ADUs by-right.
Methodology
Assumes ADUs are built on land up to a 100% land share.
Municipalities may designate areas called "Enhanced Transit Villages" within a half mile of transit hubs where residential development may occur at higher densities. Within ¼ mile of a central transit point, residential development must be allowed at a density of at least 50 units per acre; beyond ¼ mile, at least 25 units per acre. All designations require opt-in by eligible municipalities. Income limits: 30% of residential units in an enhanced transit village shall be affordable housing, with 10% each for low-income, moderate-income, and middle-income housing. This 30% affordability requirement is expected to reduce the practical supply impact by roughly that proportion.
Establishes an Entry-Level Home Production Incentive Program administered by the New Jersey Housing and Mortgage Finance Agency (HMFA) to fill financing gaps in housing developments serving households up to 120% of area median income.
Legislation to allow vacant commercial spaces — office buildings, office parks, strip malls, or other vacant commercial spaces — to be repurposed for housing.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Establishes a review of rent-controlled apartments to ensure that they are occupied by people who need affordable housing. Persons whose income exceeds 125% of area median income are ineligible to reside in rent-controlled housing.
Creates a subpart of the housing court to hear housing matters related to buildings of 35 units or less.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
North Carolina
6K* potential new homes/year+9% annual supply increase
1
bills
A broad omnibus regulatory reform bill that requires cities of 80,000+ in counties of 1,000,000+ to allow residential and mixed-use buildings as a use by right on redeveloping commercial, business, and light-industrial parcels and cities of 50,000+ outside the coastal area to allow at least one accessory dwelling unit (attached or detached) per single-family detached lot.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Ohio
8K* potential new homes/year+29% annual supply increase
6
bills
A permitting-process reform bill that imposes statewide shot clocks on local land-use decisions, creates a third-party private inspector system, and extends the subdivision plat-approval clock to 90 days (retaining the existing deemed-approved remedy) and caps the minimum lot area a city or village plat rule may require at 4,800 square feet.
Methodology
For a minimum lot size of 4,800, approximately 10 homes per acre on average are assumed.
Creates a competitive state grant program (the Housing Accelerator Fund) administered by the Department of Development. Townships and municipal corporations may apply for grants if they voluntarily adopt and implement at least three "pro-housing policies" from a statutory menu, including at least one from each of three categories: zoning/parking reforms, infrastructure/cost-reduction measures, and permitting/process streamlining. The menu includes optional items such as repealing minimum lot sizes, allowing four-plus-unit dwellings in 75% of territory, allowing ADUs, eliminating parking minimums, and permit shot clocks (review in ≤4 months or 30% faster).
Modifies the state's Residential Development Revolving Loan Program. The program lets the Department of Development make low-interest loans to counties, townships, and municipalities in lower-population counties (≤ 75,000 residents) with below-average homebuilding-permit activity, to fund water/sewer/transportation/utility infrastructure and to defray construction costs for single-family residential subdivisions, including conversions of commercial structures to housing.
Creates a state "Housing Accelerator Fund" and a competitive grant program to encourage workforce housing in "residential economic development districts" — defined as all land within a 20-mile radius of a major economic development project committing at least $700 million in private investment. Counties, townships, and municipalities within such a district may apply for grants if they adopt pro-housing development policies and approve a major workforce housing project of at least 100 units.
Levies a new "housing market impact tax" of $2,000 per month on each single-, two-, or three-family dwelling owned by any person or affiliated group that holds 50 or more such homes in a single county.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Amends the definitions and assessment sections of the Ad Valorem Tax Code to require that newly constructed multifamily rental housing of 20 or more units (excluding LIHTC properties) be valued exclusively by the cost approach for its first two tax years after construction, or until first sale to an unrelated buyer. This offers temporary property-tax relief that can modestly reduce the carrying cost of new rental development during lease-up.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Establishes the Housing Opportunity, Longevity and Durability (HOLD) Fund to be used by the Housing and Community Services Department for the preservation of existing affordable housing at risk of loss (expiring rent-assistance contracts, expiring affordability restrictions, properties in physical or financial distress, and manufactured dwelling parks at risk of sale or closure).
An affordable-housing finance and property-tax bill that restructures the City and County Housing Project Funding Programs. Bundled with the finance provisions are several land-use reforms: it strengthens the requirement that local governments allow affordable housing by-right on commercially-zoned, religious-assembly, and public lands and permit commercial-to-residential building conversions, including affordable-housing density bonuses of 125–200% and reduced parking and impact-fee requirements. It also adds procedural streamlining — 63-day expedited land divisions with no hearings or third-party appeals, a "clear and objective" housing-application review process barring public hearings, and a broadened plan-review exemption for one- and two-family dwellings. The land-use mandates apply only to deed-restricted affordable housing (≤80% AMI, 30-year covenant) inside urban growth boundaries and are subject to local infrastructure and hazard carve-outs.
Creates to a temporary program (sunsets January 2, 2033) a new pathway for cities and Metro to add sites to their urban growth boundaries specifically for housing for older persons and for manufactured dwellings, prefabricated structures, and manufactured dwelling parks.
Prohibits a "covered entity" (institutional real estate investor, or an entity funded by one, to purchase a single-family residence) from buying single-family residences unless one of seven exemptions applies. Most notably, it applies a 90-day public-listing waiting period giving owner-occupants first access.
Restructures the state's inclusionary-zoning (IZ) enabling law, moving the city/county authorization into new statutory sections and limiting the existing statute to Metro. It lets cities and counties require new multiunit housing (structures of 20+ units, or 10+ units in the Portland MSA outside Portland) to include below-market "affordable" units (≤80% AMI rent or locally set ownership limits), while requiring an in-lieu fee option.
Directs the Housing and Community Services Department (HCSD) to create a below-market, short-term loan program for "mixed income housing," establishes a dedicated loan fund seeded with a $20 million transfer, and amends housing-finance provisions to permit financing of mixed income housing.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Pennsylvania
8K* potential new homes/year+26% annual supply increase
7
bills
Municipalities must allow duplex, triplex, and quadplex housing as permitted uses by-right on any lot where single-family housing is allowed, depending on municipality size: - Duplexes in municipalities with population ≥ 5,000 or density ≥ 300 residents/sq.mi. - Duplexes or triplexes in municipalities with population ≥ 10,000 or density ≥ 400 residents/sq.mi. - Duplexes, triplexes, or quadplexes in municipalities with population ≥ 20,000 or density ≥ 500 residents/sq.mi.
Methodology
Population density figures are calculated using total land area and population for each city. Data are obtained from the U.S. Census.
All municipalities (cities, boroughs, and incorporated towns) must adopt an ordinance to permit the development of at least one accessory dwelling unit wherever a single-family detached dwelling unit is a permitted use.
Methodology
Assumes ADUs are built on land up to a 100% land share.
Possible KISS-aligned bills pending introduction, including: residential economic redevelopment; pre-approved housing plans; shot clocks and inspections; and dedicated funding for construction trade training.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Modifies the state zoning enabling statute to impose statewide limits on residential parking requirements near transit.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Bars local governments from imposing new zoning conditions that would terminate a property's lawful nonconforming use when a preexisting manufactured or mobile home is replaced with a newer one (not more than five years old) on the same residential site or within a manufactured-home community, subject to five exceptions. Extends modular-home placement and construction standards to on-frame modular homes and to delete the five-year age cap that limited when a modular display model could be placed for first residential use.
Amends two definitions in the Consumer Protection Code's high-cost and consumer-home-loan statute.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Prohibits counties, municipalities, and townships from requiring a building permit for the repair or substantially-similar replacement of eight specified existing exterior parts of a detached single-family owner-occupied home: doors (same dimensions), downspouts, fascia, fencing panels/posts, gutters, nonstructural siding, soffits, and windows (same dimensions).
Clarifies the procedure for a petition to change a county comprehensive plan or zoning ordinance. The bill requires such petitions to be filed with the county auditor, who forwards them to the planning commission (and copies the board of county commissioners); the commission must hold a public hearing within 45 days and make a recommendation, after which the board holds its own public hearing and acts on the request.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Creates a one-time "community workforce housing innovation pilot program" administered by the Tennessee Housing Development Agency, providing loans (interest-free when at least 80% of units are set aside long-term) to local public-private partnerships building or rehabilitating "workforce housing" for households earning more than 80% but no more than 150% of area median income.
A statewide development-permitting process reform that imposes binding deadlines on every municipality and county. Local governments must approve a development application, plan, or site inspection — or issue a written deficiency report — within 30 business days, and an application is automatically deemed approved if they miss that deadline.
Establishes a statewide property-tax assessment methodology for multi-unit rental housing (4+ units) that is subject to a government low-income use restriction, such as LIHTC/Section 42 properties. It requires assessors to value such housing using an income approach with a capitalization rate set 50-150 basis points above the national multifamily average, and to exclude the value of low-income housing tax credits from the assessment.
A statewide development-permitting process reform that imposes binding deadlines on every municipality and county. Local governments must approve a development application, plan, or site inspection — or issue a written deficiency report — within 30 business days, and an application is automatically deemed approved if they miss that deadline.
Creates a one-time "community workforce housing innovation pilot program" administered by the Tennessee Housing Development Agency, providing loans (interest-free when at least 80% of units are set aside long-term) to local public-private partnerships building or rehabilitating "workforce housing" for households earning more than 80% but no more than 150% of area median income.
Establishes a statewide property-tax assessment methodology for multi-unit rental housing (4+ units) that is subject to a government low-income use restriction, such as LIHTC/Section 42 properties. It requires assessors to value such housing using an income approach with a capitalization rate set 50-150 basis points above the national multifamily average, and to exclude the value of low-income housing tax credits from the assessment.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Provides state investment to accelerate new mixed income, market rate, and affordable housing projects. Creates the Rural Housing Finance Pilot Program to stimulate development of affordable housing in rural Vermont communities.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Virginia
12K* potential new homes/year+35% annual supply increase
7
bills
Zoning ordinances for single-family residential zoning districts shall include ADUs as a permitted use. Localities may require limitations, including dedicated parking for the ADU, proximity requirements to the primary dwelling, and that ADUs cannot be sold separately from the primary dwelling. Prohibition on requiring setbacks greater than those applied to primary dwellings or other accessory structures; conditions more restrictive than for single-family dwellings regarding height, rear, or side setbacks, lot size or coverage, or building frontage; and consanguinity or affinity between ADU and primary dwelling occupants.
Methodology
Assumes ADUs are built on land up to a 100% land share.
Localities with a population of 20,000 or more must maintain at least one zoning district classification with minimum lot sizes no larger than 3,000 sq.ft. Localities have the discretion to choose where the small lot zoning district is located. If a locality already has a qualifying zoning district, they are exempt.
Mixed-use or residential projects are allowed by-right on land owned by a property-tax exempt religious organization or 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Mixed-use or residential projects are allowed by-right on land owned by a property-tax exempt religious organization or 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Washington
41K* potential new homes/year+107% annual supply increase
15
bills
Any city or county required or choosing to plan under the Growth Management Act (GMA) with a population of 30,000 or more is prohibited from excluding residential uses in areas zoned for commercial or mixed-use development.
Methodology
Data is limited to counties required to fully plan under Washington's Growth Management Act with a population of 30,000 or greater. County population totals use the higher of the 2023 ACS 1-Year or 5-Year survey population estimates.
Any city or county required or choosing to plan under the Growth Management Act (GMA) with a population of 30,000 or more is prohibited from excluding residential uses in areas zoned for commercial or mixed-use development.
Methodology
Data is limited to counties required to fully plan under Washington's Growth Management Act with a population of 30,000 or greater. County population totals use the higher of the 2023 ACS 1-Year or 5-Year survey population estimates.
Authorizes (but does not require) counties to allow one accessory dwelling unit per parcel outside of urban growth areas. This bill is voluntary — counties may opt in but are not required to allow ADUs outside urban growth areas. Thus, the actual impact may be less than projected.
Methodology
Data is limited to areas outside of urban growth areas, as defined by Washington state. Urban growth area boundaries are obtained from the Washington State Geospatial Portal. This bill is entirely opt-in; the actual impact may be less than estimated. Assumes ADUs are built on land up to a 100% land share.
Requires cities and counties to allow transitional housing, permanent supportive housing, indoor emergency shelters, and indoor emergency housing in areas not zoned for industrial use, gives permitting certainty to those uses, and narrows the requirements that may be imposed on affordable housing developments as conditions for participation in certain programs to reporting and auditing requirements.
Creates greater certainty for condo developers by allowing builders an alternative warranty path with specific coverage periods for defective workmanship and materials, defective plumbing, electrical, and ductwork distribution systems, and structural defects for a condo home located in a building containing 12 or fewer units and four or fewer stories.
Requires cities and counties to allow passenger elevators no larger than those that accommodate a wheelchair for apartment buildings with at most six stories and at most 24 homes.
Requires cities and counties to allow transitional housing, permanent supportive housing, indoor emergency shelters, and indoor emergency housing in areas not zoned for industrial use, gives permitting certainty to those uses, and narrows the requirements that may be imposed on affordable housing developments as conditions for participation in certain programs to reporting and auditing requirements.
Requires landlords to disclose rental property flooding history and flood risk.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
Modifies Wisconsin's state low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) program, which the Wisconsin Housing and Economic Development Authority (WHEDA) administers. It (1) removes the requirement that a "qualified development" be financed with tax-exempt bonds, (2) directs WHEDA to allocate at least 35 percent of the value of state tax credits each year to qualified developments in rural areas, and (3) makes technical changes to the insurer credit so partners/members/shareholders may claim it.
A residential approval-streamlining and comprehensive-plan-consistency reform aimed at cities and villages (towns and counties are exempt). It requires municipal comprehensive plans to specify minimum and maximum net residential densities (units per acre) by area and 5-year increment, and then requires a political subdivision to grant a residential rezoning request within 90 days when the requested density falls within the locality's own planned density band, the area is adjacent to existing development served by existing infrastructure, and current housing supply does not meet demand.
Modifies Wisconsin's state low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) program, which the Wisconsin Housing and Economic Development Authority (WHEDA) administers. It (1) removes the requirement that a "qualified development" be financed with tax-exempt bonds, (2) directs WHEDA to allocate at least 35 percent of the value of state tax credits each year to qualified developments in rural areas, and (3) makes technical changes to the insurer credit so partners/members/shareholders may claim it.
A residential approval-streamlining and comprehensive-plan-consistency reform aimed at cities and villages (towns and counties are exempt). It requires municipal comprehensive plans to specify minimum and maximum net residential densities (units per acre) by area and 5-year increment, and then requires a political subdivision to grant a residential rezoning request within 90 days when the requested density falls within the locality's own planned density band, the area is adjacent to existing development served by existing infrastructure, and current housing supply does not meet demand.
Amends the state tax-increment-financing statute to let cities and villages designate a tax incremental district as a "residential TID." A residential TID is exempt from the standard 12% equalized-value cap and is instead subject to a separate 3% cap.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. "Poison pills" such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. See the playbook for more detail.
About this Tracker
This tracker monitors state-level legislation that could increase housing supply by reforming local zoning regulations. The bills tracked here align with the AEI Housing Center’s State Playbook, a comprehensive guide for state legislators to unlock housing production through targeted reforms.
What is “Annual Supply Increase”?
The annual supply increase percentage compares projected new homes from proposed legislation to the average number of homes built per year in each state from 2010-2023 (according to American Community Survey data). For example, +107% means the legislation could more than double the state’s typical annual housing production.
What are Playbook Options #1, #2, and #3?
The AEI Housing Center Playbook identifies three state-level options to unlock new housing supply using small lots:
Option #1: Lot size flexibilities in new residential subdivisions
Option #2: Home dwelling type and lot split flexibilities on existing lots
Option #3: Residential overlays in commercial zones
KISS (Keep It Short and Simple) reforms eliminate unnecessary complexity in the homebuilding process. These include:
Permitting “shot clocks” or third-party reviews
Pre-approved design templates
Reduced parking mandates
Lower or waived impact fees
Streamlined building and energy codes aligned with affordability goals
Playbook Alignment Ratings
Each bill is rated on how closely it aligns with the Playbook’s recommended provisions, measured as a percentage of the Playbook option’s projected homes:
Complete: ≥100% of the Playbook option’s projected homes
Substantial: 51-99%
Moderate: 15-50%
Weak: <15%
No Alignment: does not align with a Playbook option, or includes “poison pill” provisions
* Housing supply projections depend on KISS implementation. “Poison pills” such as rent control, income requirements, and/or municipal discretion can reduce or eliminate benefits. Projections assume that bills with similar reforms are independent from one another. See the playbook for more detail.
